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§13 · 44 tips

Emergencies: what to do first

What do you do first when someone collapses and stops breathing, bleeds heavily, or there is a fire or you are lost?

Tips from this section that apply in the United States.

In a real emergency, call 911 first, then read this.

If someone collapses and isn't breathing, press hard on the chest right away, and have a bystander call 120 (China's ambulance number) and find an AED

The person you are most likely to press on is a family member: 79.2% of cardiac arrests happen at home. When someone presses on the chest, the share who leave the hospital alive rises from 3.9% to 16.1%. If the person doesn't answer when you call and isn't breathing, start pressing right away. The spot is the midpoint of the line between the nipples. Put your hands one on top of the other, press down hard, 2 times a second, without stopping. Have a second person call 120 and get an AED (automated external defibrillator), and keep your hands going.

  • High value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If an older person falls or someone collapses, crouch down, call to them and call 120 (China's ambulance number); don't rush to pull them up. Walking away from a stranger is also legal in China, but if you stop, don't move them

This item is mainly about older people in your own family and people you know. First check whether they are breathing. If not, start chest compressions as in §13.1 (press hard on the chest). If they are breathing, still don't lift them: they may have fallen because of a stroke or a faint first, and forcing them up can make it worse. Crouch down and call to them, and ask whether they remember how they fell. If their back or lower back hurts or it looks like a fracture, don't move them at all, and call 120 where they are.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If a mouth suddenly droops, one arm goes weak or speech is slurred, call 120 (China's ambulance number) at once; don't wait and don't drive there yourself

If the mouth droops, one arm can't be raised, or speech is slurred, call 120 (China's ambulance number) at once. When a clot-dissolving drug is given to open the blocked vessel within 3 hours of onset, the chance of recovering to mostly looking after yourself is about 1.75 times that of no drug. If it is delayed to 3 to 4.5 hours, it is only 1.26 times. After 4.5 hours no difference can be seen. Note the exact time the symptoms started. Don't give food, water or pills, and don't drive yourself.

  • Top value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If there is sudden spinning dizziness with unsteadiness, double vision, blackout in one eye, or the fingertip can't reach your own nose, treat it as a stroke and call 120 (China's ambulance number)

If you look only at the three signs of face, arms and speech, more than one in ten strokes will be missed, because some strokes start with neither a drooping mouth nor a weak hand. If unsteadiness, double vision and a missing patch in the vision are counted too, the share missed falls to 4.4%. Sudden spinning dizziness with inability to stand, double vision, or being unable to touch your fingertip to your nose are also reasons to call 120 and note the time.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If one eye suddenly goes dark like a curtain being pulled down, treat it as a stroke and go to the emergency room the same day, even if it clears up in a few minutes

If one eye suddenly goes dark like a curtain being pulled down, a blood vessel at the back of the eye is blocked, and the longer it stays blocked, the less of the retina can be saved. It is also a kind of brain ischemia, and a stroke is likely over the next few days. Among people who were evaluated and started treatment the same day, the share having another stroke within 90 days fell from 10.3% to 2.1%. Go the same day to an emergency room with a stroke center, and don't wait until the next day to see an eye doctor.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If one eye is swollen, painful and red, lights have a rainbow ring around them, and there is headache with nausea or vomiting, go to the eye emergency room the same day

This is an acute attack of glaucoma. The fluid in the eye can't drain, and the eye pressure shoots up. The longer it is left, the more the optic nerve is crushed, and once damaged it does not come back. During the Wuhan lockdown, patients waited an average of 241 hours before being treated, and 21.87% went blind. In the same period the next year, with no lockdown, they waited an average of 121 hours, and 7.84% went blind.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If there is pressing pain, tightness or squeezing in the chest lasting more than 15 minutes without easing, call 120 (China's ambulance number); don't tough it out and don't drive yourself

If there is pressing pain, tightness or squeezing in the chest lasting more than 15 minutes without easing, call 120 (China's ambulance number). Among those whose blocked vessel was opened within 55 minutes of reaching the hospital, 2.8% died within 30 days. Among those who took longer than 55 minutes, 9.7% did. Every stretch of delay means more heart muscle dies. Don't drive yourself: losing consciousness on the road is a second accident.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If there is a sudden tearing pain that moves from the chest to the back and down to the lower back, call 120 (China's ambulance number) and say clearly that "the pain is moving"

If a tearing pain moves from the chest to the back and down to the lower back, say directly when you call 120 (China's ambulance number): "it feels like tearing, and the pain is moving downward." Without surgery, with medicine alone, the death rate for this illness is 58%. The treatment is the opposite of a heart attack: only if the doctor thinks of it will they do a contrast CT scan, instead of giving blood thinners or clot-dissolving drugs. If the blood pressure differs a lot between the two arms, or the pulse can't be felt on one side, say that too.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If there is a sudden "worst headache of your life" that reaches its peak within an hour, go to the emergency room for a head CT right away

What to look at is how fast the pain reaches its worst. Of severe headaches that peak within an hour, about 6% are a ruptured blood vessel on the surface of the brain. If you are 40 or older, have neck pain or stiffness, were seen to faint, the headache began during exertion, it came on like an instant explosion, or you can't bend your neck forward, then any one of these means going to the emergency room for a head CT. Most people who go are fine, but missing one means a second bleed, which is death.

  • High value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If an older person, two or three weeks to a few months after bumping their head, becomes unsteady on their feet, slow, sleepy or weak on one side, get a head CT

After an older person bumps their head, blood usually collects only by the third week. They may be completely fine at the time of the knock, and may not even remember hitting their head. After surgery for this illness, the recurrence rate can reach 33% and the death rate can reach 32%. If you find an older person suddenly confused, floating when they walk, always wanting to sleep, or with one weak hand, first go back and ask whether they hit their head in the last two or three months, and then get a CT.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life
  • For: Elderly relative at home, Age 60+

If one leg suddenly swells, feels tight and hurts when pressed, get medical care soon; if there is also sudden shortness of breath or chest pain, call 120 (China's ambulance number) at once

If one leg suddenly swells, is clearly thicker than the other and hurts when pressed, get a leg vein ultrasound soon. If there is also sudden shortness of breath, chest pain on a deep breath, a fast heartbeat or dizziness, a clot may already have traveled to the lungs, so call 120 (China's ambulance number) straight away. Among people diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism, 17.4% died within 3 months. Sitting for more than 4 hours roughly doubles the risk, but for any one person it is still very low.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

For heavy bleeding, first press hard on the wound with your hand; if you can't stop it on a limb, put on a tourniquet; and call 120 (China's ambulance number) at the same time

First press hard with your hand or clothing. If you can't stop the bleeding on a limb, put on a tourniquet, then call 120 (China's ambulance number), and once it is on, don't loosen it. Among wounded soldiers, nine in ten lived when the tourniquet went on before shock, and only one in ten when it went on after shock; all 5 who needed one and didn't get it died. Put it on above the wound, twist until the bleeding stops, and note the time. Don't use shoelaces or rope instead. On the neck and the trunk you can only press, not tie.

  • High value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If a dog or cat bites you or breaks the skin, rinse with soap and running water, alternating, for 15 minutes, and get the vaccine the same day

Once rabies sets in, the death rate is almost 100%, and rinsing plus the vaccine is the only way. First rinse with soap and running water, alternating, for 15 minutes, and get the vaccine the same day. A bite that goes through the skin, or a licked area where the skin is broken, is a Category III exposure, and you also need a passive immunization product. "It's a pet and has had its shots" does not change what you do: the category is set by the wound, not by where the dog came from.

  • High value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

After a scald, run cool water over it right away for 20 minutes, and don't put on toothpaste or soy sauce

Running cool water over it for a full 20 minutes within 3 hours of the injury cuts the chance of later needing a skin graft to about 60% of what it is without rinsing. Use cool water, not ice water, because ice makes the injury worse. If clothing is stuck to the wound, don't tear it off. After rinsing, cover it with a clean cloth and go to the hospital. Don't put on toothpaste, soy sauce, sesame oil or flour. If you only remember after a while, rinsing within 3 hours still helps.

  • Top value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If a rash suddenly spreads over the body with trouble breathing or dizziness, treat it as anaphylaxis, and call 120 (China's ambulance number) at once and say so clearly

If a rash suddenly spreads over the body together with trouble breathing or dizziness, treat it as anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction). Call 120 (China's ambulance number) at once and say directly "suspected anaphylaxis," so the ambulance brings epinephrine (adrenaline). Allergy pills and steroids work slowly and can't replace epinephrine. If you have had one before, ask a doctor to prescribe an auto-injector pen, and inject into the middle of the outer thigh, which can be done through trousers.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If someone has a seizure and falls, clear the area around them, lay them on their side, time it by the clock, and put nothing in their mouth

Move hard objects away from around them, lay them on their side with the mouth facing down, and watch the clock to note the time. Don't hold them down, don't pry the mouth open, and don't put anything in the mouth, because that only injures the teeth and jaw. Call an ambulance if it goes on for more than 5 minutes, if another seizure follows soon after it stops, if the person can't be woken or has trouble breathing afterward, if it happens in water, or if it is their first seizure. Give water only once the person is fully awake.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If a person with diabetes suddenly shakes, breaks into a cold sweat or slurs speech, first give 15 grams of sugar and recheck after 15 minutes

First have them take 15 grams of sugar; sugar cubes or a small carton of juice will do. Test again after 15 minutes, and if it is still low, do it once more. A blood sugar below 3.0 mmol/L is the level medicine takes seriously as low blood sugar. When it reaches the point where someone else has to help, it can be fatal. Don't feed a person who is not fully conscious even one mouthful, because it can go down the windpipe. Call 120 (China's ambulance number) directly.

  • Top value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If someone is electrocuted, cut the power first, then push the source away with a dry wooden stick or similar, and don't pull them with your bare hands

First cut the power, or push the source away with a dry wooden stick or similar, and only then touch the person. If you grab them with your bare hands, one victim becomes two. Once they are free of the source, if they aren't breathing, start pressing right away as in §13.1 (press hard on the chest), and don't hold back because it is an electrical injury. For a downed high-voltage line or near power equipment, don't handle it yourself; stay well back and wait for the power company to cut the power.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If a carbon monoxide alarm sounds, or a whole room of people get headaches and nausea at once, get outside first, then make the call

If the alarm sounds, or a whole room of people have headaches, nausea and dizziness at the same time, first take everyone outdoors, then make the call. Don't stay inside looking for the cause, and don't go back to turn off a valve. The symptoms look like a cold, and "getting better once you go outside" is the strongest hint. In 2018, China reported 11,523 deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning, the most in winter, and most of them at home.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If someone swallows cleaner, pesticide or medicine, don't make them vomit; take the bottle and go for care at once. If it splashes into the eyes or on the skin, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes

If someone swallows cleaner, pesticide or medicine, don't make them vomit, because a corrosive liquid coming back up burns the food pipe a second time. First have them drink a moderate amount of milk or egg white, then take the bottle and its instructions and go to the hospital at once. If it splashes on the skin or into the eyes, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and for the eyes hold the lids open while rinsing and don't rub. Mixing disinfectant with toilet cleaner makes chlorine gas.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If acid, alkali or another chemical splashes on you, take off the contaminated clothing at once, rinse with plenty of running water, hold the eyelids open when rinsing the eyes, and don't leave until you have rinsed long enough

Three steps. Step one, take off the soaked clothes, shoes and socks at once; the places where clothing traps the chemical are the most badly hurt. Step two, rinse with plenty of running water, for at least 15 minutes for both skin and eyes; the Hunan Provincial Department of Emergency Management (湖南省应急管理厅) gives 20 to 30 minutes, so go by the longer one. Step three, for the eyes, hold the lids open while rinsing, and go straight to an eye department afterward. Use room-temperature water, not hot water.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

In high heat, if there is dizziness, nausea, no sweating or confusion, move to a cool place at once, take off clothing and pour water to cool down, don't give water to someone who isn't fully conscious, and call 120 (China's ambulance number)

Skin that is hot and red, slurred speech and confusion are heat stroke. From dizziness to coma can take only a few dozen minutes, and the death rate is very high. At once move to a cool, ventilated place, take off the clothing, cool with cold water and wet towels, and call 120 (China's ambulance number) at the same time. If the person is not fully conscious, don't give even a sip of water, because it can go down the windpipe.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

A person with heat illness who is awake should drink cool light salt water or a sports drink in small amounts, often; don't gulp, and avoid alcohol and high-sugar drinks

Only a person who is awake should drink. Give cool light salt water or a sports drink in small amounts, often, 500 to 1,000 milliliters in an hour. Don't gulp, because vomiting and choking on it going down the windpipe is more dangerous. No alcohol and no high-sugar drinks, which make the body lose more water. First cool the body by wiping with cold water and putting ice packs on the neck, armpits and groin, then replace fluid. If the person is not fully conscious or speech is slurred, don't give even a sip.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

In a fire, crawl low, feel the door before opening it, don't open it if it is hot, take the stairs and not the elevator, and once you are out don't go back

Get down on the floor and crawl toward the exit under the smoke. Before opening a door, feel the handle and the door itself, and if it is hot or smoke is coming through the gap, don't open that door and take the second way. Open a door slowly, and if thick smoke comes, shut it again at once. Take the stairs and not the elevator, since a power cut traps you inside. Once you are out, don't go back for belongings. If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop and roll, and cover your face with your hands.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If you see someone drowning, first call for people and dial 110/120 (China's police and ambulance numbers), reach with a pole or throw something that floats, and don't go into the water yourself

A drowning person instinctively pushes a rescuer under the water, and the person who goes in may drown too. The order is: shout for people → dial 110/120 → hold out a long pole or rope → throw a life ring, an empty bucket or a plastic water bottle → if the person is out of the water and not breathing, start pressing right away. Don't form a chain of linked hands and go in. About 300,000 people drown each year worldwide, and it is the fourth leading cause of death for children aged 1 to 4.

  • High value
  • Evidence C
  • Buys life

If someone is choking and can't speak, for anyone aged 1 or over stand behind them and give 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts, and if they collapse, start CPR

First ask "are you choking, can you speak?" If they can still cough and make sound, let them cough on their own. If someone aged 1 or over can't speak, stand behind them and give 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts, repeating until the object comes out or the person collapses. If they collapse, start CPR and have someone call the emergency number at the same time. For pregnant women and very heavy people, thrust on the chest instead. Don't put your fingers in the mouth to dig for something you can't see.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If you are lost or your vehicle breaks down in the Gobi, a desert or empty country, stay where you are or by the vehicle: report your position first, then get shade and keep warm, conserve water, and don't wander

Stay where you are or by the vehicle, since the vehicle is your biggest shade. The order is: if there is signal, send your position first and then call → get shade and keep warm → conserve water, staying still by day and moving only when it cools at night → don't wander → signal with a mirror, smoke and three fires. Before you go in, tell someone your route, destination, return date, and vehicle model and plate number.

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence C
  • Buys life

Shivering, slurred speech and an unsteady walk mean hypothermia: change out of wet clothes, wrap the person up, warm the trunk first, and give hot sweet drinks but no alcohol

A body temperature below 35℃ is hypothermia, and the person shivers, slurs speech, walks unsteadily and can't think clearly. Change out of wet clothes, wrap the person in a foil blanket or dry clothes, and warm the trunk first, not the hands and feet first. Give hot sweet drinks and no alcohol, because alcohol suppresses shivering. Stopping shivering is not improvement but getting worse. If the person is unconscious, do CPR.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If bitten by a snake, sit down and keep still, take off rings and watches, get to a hospital quickly for antivenom, and don't cut, suck or tie tightly

Sit down and keep still, and immobilize the bitten limb. First take off rings and watches, since swelling is coming. Get to a hospital with antivenom as quickly as you can, since antivenom is the only thing that can reverse most of the venom's effects. Don't cut the wound open, don't suck it with the mouth, don't apply ice, and don't tie it with a cord until it turns purple. Don't drink alcohol and don't run. If you can take a photo of the snake from a distance, do so, and don't try to catch it.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

In an earthquake, first see what kind of building you are in: in a building built to seismic standards take cover in place, and in an old building that could collapse, go out if the door is a few steps away

First see what kind of building you are in. In a building built to code after 2001, where you would have to go down stairs and through a lobby to get out, take cover in place: protect your head and neck, get under a sturdy table, and hold the table legs tight. In a single-story house, an old brick house or a self-built house with no seismic design, if the door is just a few steps away, go out. In every case, don't jump from a window, don't take the elevator, and don't go down stairs while the shaking goes on.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life
  • Disputed

If you meet a bear, wild boar or a pack of wild dogs, don't run; turn sideways and back away slowly

Don't run: a bear runs like a racehorse uphill and downhill. Don't climb a tree either, since both black bears and brown bears climb. Stand still, keep talking to it in a low voice, and when it stops moving, turn sideways and back away slowly. If a brown bear charges, drop to the ground and play dead, with your hands clasped behind your neck and your legs spread. If a black bear charges, don't play dead: run to a car or a house, and if you can't get away, fight back with whatever is at hand. For a bite or scratch from a dog, rinse and get the shots as in §13.13.

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If caught by a thunderstorm outdoors, get into a hard-topped vehicle or building, and stay away from ridges, lone trees, open water and metal

Within range of a thunderstorm, nowhere outdoors is safe. Get into a hard-topped vehicle or a building. Convertibles, motorcycles, tents, pavilions, under a tree and under a projecting rock do not count. Stay away from open ground, ridges and summits, lone big trees, water and iron railings. If a group can't get away, spread out and stand apart. Retreat as soon as you hear thunder, and it is safe only 30 minutes after the last thunder.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

Going up to a high plateau, climb by sleeping altitude (how high you sleep that night) and go down if symptoms get worse; don't tough it out

What counts is how high you sleep, not how high you went during the day. Sleeping above 2,450 meters carries a risk of altitude sickness. Above 3,000 meters, raise the altitude you sleep at by no more than 500 meters per night, and allow one extra day for acclimatization for every 1,000 meters gained. If you get a headache with nausea, an unsteady walk, a change in consciousness, or shortness of breath even at rest, go down. Going down comes before oxygen and medicine.

  • High value
  • Evidence A
  • Buys life

If a tick is attached, pull it out steadily with pointed tweezers close to the skin, and don't put on oil or burn it

Grip the tick's head with pointed tweezers close to the skin, and pull it straight out steadily. Don't put oil on it, don't burn it, and don't twist it, because that stirs it up to squeeze fluid carrying germs into the skin, and also easily leaves the mouthparts in the flesh. After removing it, note the date. If you get a fever, a rash or fatigue over the next few weeks, tell the doctor on your own that you were bitten by a tick.

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

Boil all water from the wild before drinking; a rolling boil for one minute is enough, and you don't need to boil longer at high altitude

Every microbe that can make you sick through drinking water is killed within seconds at boiling temperature. A further minute at a rolling boil is only a margin in case you misjudged, and you don't need to boil longer because of altitude. If you can't boil, use a filter or disinfecting tablets, but each of these has germs it does not cover, so boil if you can. A clear-looking stream or snowmelt can carry parasites just the same.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If a stranger demands money from you in the wild, give it to him, don't fight, note his features, and report to the police after you get away

Give him the money, don't fight, and don't talk back. For a few hundred CNY the other person is risking the crime of robbery (抢劫罪): the sentence starts at 3 to 10 years, and 10 years or more up to the death penalty if it involves entering a home, a firearm, or serious injury or death. If he takes the money and walks away, chasing and hitting him is no longer lawful self-defense. As soon as you are away, note his build, accent, license plate and direction of escape, and call 110 (China's police number).

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence C
  • Buys life

If you come upon a group fighting, back away and leave; don't step in to break it up, don't stand and watch, and don't pick up anything from the ground; if you report it, move to a safe distance and dial 110 (China's police number)

The moment you lay a hand on anyone, breaking up a fight turns into taking part in it. Taking part in a gang fight (聚众斗殴) carries up to 3 years, and 3 to 10 years if many people are involved, it is on a public road, or weapons are used. Watching also puts you at risk of being hit by accident. What to do is back away and leave. If you want to report it, move to a safe distance and dial 110 (China's police number), and say clearly where it is, how many people, whether anyone has knives or sticks, and whether anyone is lying still.

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence B
  • Keeps you free

If a knife, steel rod or glass is stuck in the body, press around the object to stop bleeding and do not pull it out

Pulling it out can cause heavy bleeding, and also makes it harder for the doctor to tell how deep the injury is. What to do: call 120 (China's ambulance number), press around the object with your hand or a dressing to stop the bleeding, and pad around the object to keep it steady and stop it from moving. If organs are showing through a wound in the belly, don't push them back in; cover them with a clean, damp dressing. If a chest wound is bubbling, don't seal it tightly with plastic sheeting, because sealing it can collapse the lung.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

If you suspect a fracture, stop moving that part, support it still, use a cold pack for no more than 20 minutes, and don't try to straighten it yourself

Treat any injury to a hand or foot as a fracture first; being able to stand and move does not rule it out. Keep the injured part still, hold it in place by hand or support it in place with a stiff board, and use a cold pack for no more than 20 minutes at a time. Don't try to straighten it yourself, and if bone has pushed through the skin, stop the bleeding first and don't push it back. An X-ray can miss a fracture. If the film looks normal but the doctor still suspects a fracture or a ligament injury, follow the doctor's advice to recheck or get an MRI.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life

After a sexual assault, first get to a safe place and call 110 (China's police number); before the medical exam don't shower, wash clothes or tidy the room, and go to a hospital within 72 hours

The traces left on your body, on your clothes and in the room are the most important evidence for identifying the other person. So before the medical exam try not to shower, and don't wash your clothes or tidy the room, and call 110 (China's police number) as early as you can. Emergency contraceptive pills are available at pharmacies, and the sooner you take them the better they work. Go to a hospital within 72 hours and let the doctor decide whether you should take the preventive HIV drugs.

  • Moderate value
  • Evidence B
  • Keeps you free

If a baby under 1 year old is choking and can't cry, lay the baby face down and give 5 back blows, turn the baby over and give 5 chest pushes, alternating, and don't press the belly

If the baby can still cough and cry out, let the baby cough on their own and stay beside them watching. If the baby can't make a sound and the face is turning purple, have someone call 120 (China's ambulance number), lay the baby face down along your forearm, and give 5 blows with the heel of your hand between the two shoulder blades. If it hasn't come out, turn the baby over and give 5 quick pushes in the center of the chest, and alternate the two, without pressing the belly. If the baby stops responding, switch to CPR.

  • Top value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life
  • For: Child under 3, Pregnant or trying

If a baby under 1 year old is unresponsive and not breathing normally, put the phone on speaker and call 120 (China's ambulance number), and give infant CPR: 30 pushes and 2 breaths

If tapping the sole of the foot brings no response and the baby isn't breathing normally, put the phone on speaker and call 120 (China's ambulance number), and keep your hands going. Encircle the chest with both hands and press with two thumbs, or if you can't encircle it, use the heel of one hand, pressing down about 4 centimeters, about 2 times a second. After every 30 pushes, cover the child's mouth and nose with your mouth and give 2 breaths. A baby's heart most often stops because of not being able to breathe, and more survive when the CPR includes breaths.

  • High value
  • Evidence B
  • Buys life
  • For: Child under 3, Pregnant or trying

Mainland China only 1 tips

These tips describe mainland-China rules and do not apply in the United States; they are here for people living in China.